The wrky transcription factor tf gene family expanded greatly in the evolutionary process from green algae to flowering plants through whole genome, segmental, and. Most wrky proteins of the same group group iii have a similar function in abiotic stress responses in plants. Wrky transcription factors play important roles in plant growth, development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Genomic sequences from diverse plant species provide valuable information about the origin and evolution of wrky domaincontaining proteins. Wrky transcription factors, originally isolated from plants contain one or two conserved. Discovery of wrky transcription factors through transcriptome analysis and characterization of a novel methyl jasmonate. Genomewide analysis of the wrky gene family in drumstick.
Wrky transcription factors play pivotal roles in regulation of stress. Combinatorial regulation of stilbene synthase genes by. Novel genomic and evolutionary insight of wrky transcription. This comprehensive analysis provides a basis for investigating the evolution and function of wrky genes. The wheat wrky transcription factors tawrky49 and tawrky62. Apr 19, 20 transcription factors tfs are important regulating factors that can mediate many life processes. Arabidopsis wrky18, wrky40, and wrky60 transcription factors interact both physically and functionally in plant defense responses.
Fifteen years have passed since the first reports of wrky transcription factors 1, 2, 3 and substantial progress has been achieved since then. Wrky proteins comprise a large family of transcription factors. Heterologous expression of wheat wrky transcription factor. Accumulating data indicate that wrky tfs bind wbox andor other cis. Genomic identification of wrky transcription factors in.
Mar 15, 2016 genomic identification of wrky transcription factors in carrot daucus carota and analysis of evolution and homologous groups for plants. Transcriptomewide identification of camellia sinensis wrky. Here, we determined on a genomewide scale the flg22induced in vivo dna binding dynamics of three of the most prominent wrky factors, wrky18, wrky40, and wrky33. Research article open access the evolution of wrky. The wrky superfamily of plant transcription factors. Arabidopsis wrky transcription factors wrky12 and wrky. Wrky transcription factors in legumes bmc plant biology full text. Combined phylogenetic tree of the wrky transcription factor families in brachypodium, arabidopsis, rice, and physcomitrella patens, together with published wrky transcription factors from wheat. Regulation of specialized metabolism by wrky transcription factors. Research article open access the evolution of wrky transcription factors charles i rinerson1, roel c rabara1, prateek tripathi2, qingxi j shen3 and paul j rushton1 abstract background. Early aerial senescence in switchgrass panicum virgatum can significantly limit biomass yields. Tawrky46, a member of group iii, was upregulated by peg treatment.
Wrky transcription factors are one of the largest families of transcriptional regulators found exclusively in plants. The wrky transcription factor tf gene family expanded greatly in the evolutionary process from green algae to flowering plants through whole genome, segmental, and tandem duplications. The role of wrky transcription factors in plant immunity. The first two reports were of illdefined dna binding proteins that played potential roles in the regulation of gene expression by sucrose spf1 or during germination abf1 and abf2. The history of wrky transcription factors the first two reports of wrky transcription factors appeared 15 years ago and were of illdefined dna binding proteins that played potential roles in the regulation of gene expression by sucrose spf1 or during germination abf1 and abf2. Despite several studies on wrkys in wheat triticum aestivum l. Cooperation of three wrkydomain transcription factors wrky18. Wrky protein family is one of the largest transcription factor families in plants and is involved in growth and development, signal transduction, senescence and stress resistance.
Here, we characterized three group iii transcription factors, wrky46, wrky 54 and wrky70, which are involved in brregulated plant growth and drought stress by cooperating with bes1 to positively regulate br target genes and negatively control droughtresponsive genes. Ijms free fulltext a wheat wrky transcription factor. However, varied climate and complex geography have posed challenges for tea plant survival. Wrky transcription factors tfs play crucial roles in plant resistance responses to pathogens. Oswrky74, a wrky transcription factor, modulates tolerance. Ijms free fulltext the maize wrky transcription factor. Phylogenetic and transcription analysis of chrysanthemum wrky.
The function and molecular mechanisms of wrky transcription factors in biotic stress such as wounding. Nov 17, 2016 the evolutionarily conserved wrky transcription factor tf regulates different aspects of gene expression in plants, and modulates growth, development, as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses. Molecular cloning and characterization of a group ii wrky. The wrky family of transcription factors in rice and. The evolution of wrky transcription factors bmc plant. The presence of wrky transcription factor genes outside of the plant lineage in some diplomonads, amoebozoa and fungi incertae sedis sheds new light on the early evolution of wrky genes. Update on wrky transcription factors in plant defense the role of wrky transcription factors in plant immunityw shree p. In 1994 and 1995, the first two reports of wrky transcription factors appeared. Wrky transcription factors, originally isolated from plants contain one or two conserved wrky domains, about 60 amino acid residues with the wrkygqk sequence followed by a c2h2 or c2hc zinc finger motif.
In the common wheat genome, now more than 170 wrky transcription factors have been identified okay et al. They have diverse biological functions in plant disease resistance, abiotic stress responses, nutrient deprivation, senescence, seed and trichome development, embryogenesis, as well as additional developmental and hormonecontrolled processes. Wrky transcription factors are involved in plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Induced genomewide binding of three arabidopsis wrky. The role of wrky transcription factors in plant immunity plant. A year later, two wrky transcription factors, abf1 and abf2, established the role of wrky proteins as a. Transcriptomewide identification of camellia sinensis. Ijms free fulltext maize wrky transcription factor.
New findings illustrate that wrky proteins often act as repressors as well as activators, and that members of the family play roles in. Pdf the wrky family of transcription factors in rice and. Wrky transcription factors regulate gene expression by exclusively binding to wbox, which is a ciselement in the promoter regions of target genes. Wrky transcription factors play an important role in regulating these transcriptional processes. Further functional analysis indicated that the wrky34 transcription factor was involved in pollen development regulated by the pollenspecific mikc class of madsdomain transcription factors under cold stress, and coldinsensitivity of mature wrky34 pollen might be partly attributable to the enhanced expression of transcriptional activator. Frontiers the role of tomato wrky genes in plant responses. Results here, 171 tawrky tfs were identified from the whole wheat genome and. Discovery of wrky transcription factors through transcriptome. The function and molecular mechanisms of wrky transcription factors in biotic stress such as wounding and pathogen infection have been well studied to date. Here, we show that a wrky transcription factor wrky46 is involved in response to fe deficiency. Dixona,c,1 aplant biology division, samuel roberts noble foundation, ardmore, ok 73401. Previous results have demonstrated that fungal elicitor. Identification and expression analysis of wrky gene family. Members of the large family of wrky transcription factors are involved in a wide range of developmental and physiological processes, most particularly in the plant response to biotic and abiotic stress.
On the other hand transcription factors like wrky can regulate diverse responses through a complicated network of genes. Somssich the wrky proteins are a superfamily of transcription factors with up to 100 representatives in arabidopsis. Feb 03, 2014 wrky transcription factors are one of the largest families of transcriptional regulators found exclusively in plants. They have diverse biological functions in plant disease resistance, abiotic stress responses, nutrient deprivation, senescence, seed. Wrky transcription factors, originally isolated from plants contain one or two conserved wrky domains, about 60 amino acid residues with the wrkygqk sequence followed by a c2h2 or c2hc zinc finger. Wrky transcription factors tfs are key regulators of many plant processes, including the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, senescence, seed dormancy and seed germination. Background wrky proteins, which comprise one of the largest transcription factor tf families in the plant kingdom, play crucial roles in plant development and stress responses. This data was downloaded from the soybase website 61. The wrky transcription factor family in model plants and crops.
Tea is rich in various secondary metabolites, which are important for human health. However, knowledge about this family in maize is limited. A wrky transcription factor regulates fe translocation. Wrky transcription factors play central roles in developmental processes and stress responses of wheat.
Wrky transcription factors are primarily specific to plants and algae viridiplantae. The availability of increasing numbers of sequenced genomes has necessitated a reevaluation of the evolution of the wrky transcription factor family. Functions and mechanism of wrky transcription factors in. Based on the number and characteristics of wrky domains and zinc finger structure, respectively, the wrky proteins can be divided into three 3 main groups, namely group i, ii and iii. Volume 9, issue 11, 7 november 2016, pages 14921503. We report that the three wrkys are involved in plant responses to abscisic acid. They have important functions in plant growth and development, signal transduction and stress responses. Over the last 20 years, the wrky transcription factor tf family has been well recognized for its role in regulating abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants. Mutation of wrky transcription factors initiates pith. Overexpression of wrky resulted in decreased cd accumulation and enhanced cd tolerance, whereas loss. The first wrky transcription factor, spf1, was identified in 1994 for its involvement in sucrose regulation of gene expression in sweet potato ipomoea batatas. Srugt76g1 is vital for the biosynthesis of rebaudioside a, d and m in stevia rebaudiana bertoni.
Structurefunction relationship in dnabinding proteins. Wrky transcription factors a historical perspective fifteen years have passed since the. This regulation in response, leading to adaptive plasticity of plants in highly variable environments, is mainly achieved by enforcement of a network of various transcription factors tfs. Jul 30, 2014 the wrky family of transcription factors tfs play an intricate role in regulating the stress signaling pathways by autoregulation or may be by cross regulation through interaction with other prot. The following are supplementary data to this article. Mutation of wrky transcription factors initiates pith secondary wall formation and increases stem biomass in dicotyledonous plants huanzhong wanga, utku avci b,c, jin nakashimaa, michael g. For over 15 years, limited evidence has been available suggesting. Modern day plants descended from a charophyte green alga that colonized the land between 430 and 470 million years ago. Pdf background wrky transcription factors regulate many important plant processes. To assess whether wrky tfs are able to regulate the transcription of sts genes in grapevine cells, we performed transient gene reporter assays using the vvists29 gene promoter. Wheat stripe rust, caused by the fungal pathogen puccinia striiformis f.
Lack of wrky46 wrky461 and wrky462 lossoffunction mutants significantly affects fe translocation from root to shoot and thus causes obvious chlorosis on the new leaves under fe. The wrky transcription factor family and senescence in. Somssich department of plant microbe interaction, max planck institute for plant breeding research. Author links open overlay panel wei li 1 2 3 5 houping wang 1 4 5 diqiu yu 1. Here, we demonstrated that a rice oswrky74 belonging to group iii of the wrky transcription factor family was involved in tolerance to phosphate pi starvation.
The wrky transcription factors family, which participates in many physiological processes in plants, constitutes one of the. Like many transcription factors, wrky transcription factors are defined by the presence of a dnabinding domain. The potato protein and gene sequences were downloaded from the. However, their role in plant abiotic stress response has not been directly analyzed. Wrky transcription factors are one of the largest families of transcriptional regulators in plants and form integral parts of signalling webs that modulate many plant processes. However, little information is available regarding the wrky family in drumstick moringa oleifera lam. The srwrky71 transcription factor negatively regulates. The wrky transcription factor tf gene family expanded greatly in the evolutionary process from green algae to flowering plants through. Wrky transcription factors wrkys are a large family of transcriptional regulators, which are defined by the highly conserved wrky domain the wrkygqk motif at the end of the nterminal and a zincfingerlike motif at the cterminus rushton et al. Wrky transcription factors a historical perspective. Singular and combinatorial roles of wrky and r2r3myb transcription factors in sts regulation in grapevine. Wrky proteins belong to one of the largest families of transcription factors. Modification of cell wall properties has been considered as one of the determinants that confer al tolerance in plants, while how cell wall modifying processes are regulated remains elusive. Here, an analysis of the soybean genome sequence allowed the identification of the full complement of 188 soybean wrky genes.
Pdf the evolution of wrky transcription factors researchgate. Wrky transcription factors, so named because of the wrkygqk heptapeptide at the nterminal end, are widely distributed in plants and play an important role in physiological changes and. In this study, we identified a wrky transcription factor gene from maize, named zmwrky40. Evidence is accumulating to suggest that the wrky proteins play significant roles in responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and in development. A wrky transcription factor confers aluminum tolerance via. Zhang m, liu q, hong x, zhu jk, gong z 2010 abo3, a wrky transcription factor, mediates plant responses to abscisic acid and drought tolerance in arabidopsis. Plants in their natural habitat have to face multiple stresses simultaneously. The first charophyte genome sequence from klebsormidium flaccidum filled a gap in the available genome sequences in the plant. Genomewide analysis of wrky transcription factors in. Genomewide identification of soybean wrky transcription. The wrky transcription factor wrky8 promotes resistance to. The wrky transcription factor family has 109 members in the rice genome, and has been reported to be involved in the regulation of biotic and abiotic stress in plants.
We have isolated a transcription factor cdna from barley and purified the corresponding protein. Roles of arabidopsis wrky18, wrky40 and wrky60 transcription. Genomic identification of wrky transcription factors in carrot nature. Pdf wrky transcription factors are one of the largest families of. The corresponding gene was cloned and shown to encode a nuclear wrky transcription factor wrky. Arabidopsis wrky transcription factors wrky12 and wrky oppositely regulate flowering under shortday conditions. Genomewide analysis of wrky transcription factors in wheat. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that soybean wrky genes were. The wrky gene family in plants is a large transcription factor family that is involved in biological processes related to stress defenses, development, and metabolite synthesis. We report that the three wrkys are involved in plant responses to abscisic acid aba. Genomewide analysis of wrky transcription factors and. The transcription factor, susiba2 sugar signaling in barley, belongs to the wrky proteins and was shown to bind to sure and wbox elements but not to the sp8a element in the iso1 promoter.
However, no tf genes have previously been reported in panax quinquefolius american ginseng, with the exception of a few expressed sequence tags. Kuntze is a leaftype healthy nonalcoholic beverage crop, which has been widely introduced worldwide. Abstractwrky transcription factors are known to function in a number of plant. Wrky tfs are a large family of regulatory proteins forming such a network eulgem and somssich, 2007. Here, we characterize the roles of a previously unstudied wrky gene, slwrky8, in the resistance to pathogen infection and the tolerance to drought and salt stresses. They are involved in various plant processes but most. Here, we present a wrky transcription factor wrky47 involved in al tolerance and root growth.
Wrky transcription factors are important plantspecific regulatory genes characterized. At present, little information regarding droughtrelated wrky genes in maize is available. Wrky transcription factors play an important role in the response of plants to both biotic and abiotic stress and many developmental processes. Early gene regulatory events involving wrky transcription factors. They described newly discovered but as yet illdefined dna binding proteins that played potential roles in the regulation of gene expression by sucrose spf1 or during germination abf1 and abf2. Tawrky46gfp fusion proteins localize to the nucleus in wheat mesophyll protoplasts. In this study, 753 unigenes unique sequences have been annotated in the plant transcription factor database plntfdb version 3. Wrky transcription factors play a key role in the tolerance of biotic and abiotic stresses across various crop species, but the function of some wrky genes, particularly in tomato, remains unexplored. Genomewide analysis of wrky transcription factors and their. Evolutionary adaptation of developmental, physiological, and biochemical parameters give advantage over a single window of stress but not multiple. Wrky genes exhibit extensive autoregulation and crossregulation that facilitates transcriptional reprogramming in a dynamic web with builtin redundancy. Therefore, identification and analysis of wrky family transcription factors in tea plant have a profound significance. Male gametophytespecific wrky34 transcription factor. Transcriptome wide identification and characterization of no.
The wrky gene family in plants is a large transcription factor family that is. Proteinprotein interactions in the regulation of wrky. In this study, the two wrky genes tawrky49 and tawrky62 were originally identified in association with hightemperature seedlingplant. Transcription factors tfs comprise a group of genes that regulate activate or deactivate the transcription of other genes. Conclusions we propose that the evolution of wrky transcription factors includes early lateral gene transfers to nonplant organisms and the occurrence of algal wrky. The rpkm value was log2transformed as gene expression. This article is from international journal of molecular sciences, volume 15. Cooperation of three wrkydomain transcription factors. Wrky transcription factors are key regulators of many processes in plants. Genomewide identification of the potato wrky transcription factor. The wrky transcription factor family in model plants and. Genomewide identification of wrky transcription factors in the. Overexpression of the wrky transcription factor genes enhances disease resistance to bacterial and fungal pathogens and tolerance to salt, drought, and osmotic stress in transgenic plants. A sure binding transcription factor has not been isolated.
Structurefunction relationship in dnabinding proteins devlin chapter 8. These include the responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, senescence, seed dormancy and seed germination and some developmental processes. The availability of increasing numbers of sequenced genomes has necessitated a reevaluation of the. Wrky transcription factors tfs are plantspecific transcription factors that play essential roles in multiple plant processes, including abiotic stress response.
In this study, the 2050bp promoter region of srugt76g1 was isolated by the tailpcr method, and sequence analysis revealed the presence of several wbox ciselements, which are the recognition motifs of wrky transcription factors. In this study, we identified 69 celery wrky family transcription factors based on conserved wrky domain sequence from the celery genomic and transcriptomic data. Salinity stress among all abiotic stresses is a major environmental impediment for plants because it limits yield of economically and nutritionally cr. Genomewide analysis of wrky transcription factors in wheat triticum aestivum l. This leads us to suggest a new version of the evolution of wrky transcription factors. Wrky transcription factors that can regulate senescence could be used to reprogram senescence and enhance biomass yields. Chapter 7 salt responsive transcription factors in wheat. The wrky transcription factor family pronounced worky is a class of dnabinding proteins. The wrky transcription factor, wrky, activates pdr8.
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